E-LOGOS 2007, 14(1):1-20

'Recombinant Nature': Transgenics and the Emergence of Hum-animals

Arthur Saniotis
Discipline of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, the University of Adelaide.

The advent of transgenic technologies have be a controversial area in science. For example critics argue that transgenics blurs the barrier between humans and animals. Another reason is that transgenics may diminish human belief of its superiority in the animal kingdom which has been asserted by various religious and philosophical worldviews. On the contrary, genetic research has brought to our attention of human similarity with the animal kingdom. The aim of this paper is to provide some philosophical understanding of transgenics and proffer new ways for exploring transgenics.

Prepublished online: January 1, 2007; Published: June 1, 2007  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Saniotis, A. (2007). 'Recombinant Nature': Transgenics and the Emergence of Hum-animals. E-LOGOS, 14(1), 1-20
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Balaban, Evan; Teillet, Marie-Aimee; and Le Douarin, Nicole. (1988). Application of the quail-chick chimera system to the study of brain development and behavior. Science 241: 1339-42. Go to original source...
    2. Baylis, Françoise. Robert Jason Scott. (2006). Primer on ethics and crossing species Boundaries. http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/baylis_robert.html (accessed November 12, 2006).
    3. Bazopoulou-Kyrkanidou, Euterpe. (2001). Chimeric creatures in greek mythology and reflections in science. American Journal of Medical Genetics 100: 66-80. Go to original source...
    4. BBC, Science & Nature. November 15, 2006. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/246index.shtml (accessed on December 5, 2006)
    5. Bekoff. Marc. (2006). Animal passions and beastly virtues: cognitive ethology as the unifying science for understanding the subjective, emotional, empathic, and moral lives of animals. Zygon March 41 (1): 71-104. Go to original source...
    6. Bekoff, Marc, & P. Sherman. (2004). Reflections on animal selves. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19:176-80. Go to original source...
    7. Bekoff, Marc. (2004). Wild justice and fair play: cooperation, forgiveness, and morality in animals. Biology & Philosophy 19:489-520. Go to original source...
    8. Bostrom, Nick. (2005). A history of transhumanist thought. (Accessed on December 16, 2006 at http://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/history.pdf)
    9. Bostrum, Nick. (2003). Human genetic enhancements: A transhumanist perspective. Journal of Value Inquiry 37 (4):493-506. Go to original source...
    10. Colborn, T., D. Dumanoski, & J. P. Myers. (1996). Our stolen future. New York: Dutton.
    11. Crowe, Michael. (1977). The changing profile of the natural law. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Go to original source...
    12. Dennis, C. (2002). China: stem cells rise in the East. Nature 419:334-36. Go to original source...
    13. d'Entreves, Alexander P. (1970). Natural law: An introduction to legal philosophy, second revised edition. London: Hutchinson.
    14. de Waal, Frans, B. M. (1989). Food sharing and reciprocal obligations among chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution 18 (5):433-459. Go to original source...
    15. de Waal, Frans, B. M. (1999). Cultural primatology comes of age. Nature 399:637-38. Go to original source...
    16. de Waal, Frans, B. M. (2005). Our inner ape. New York: Riverhead Books.
    17. Douglas, M. (1969). Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
    18. Ehrlich, Paul. R. (2000). Human natures: genes, cultures, and the human project. Washington D.C. & Covelo, California: Island Press.
    19. Emerging Technology Series (ETC). (1997). Genetic engineering and biotechnology. Part E. Applications. 4: p. 62
    20. Gallup, G. G. Jr. (1970). Chimpanzees: self-recognition. Science 167:86-87. Go to original source...
    21. Glenn, Linda. MacDonald. (2004). Ethical issues in genetic engineering and transgenics. ActionBioscience.org June. (accessed on November 12 2006 at http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/glenn.html)
    22. Goodall, Jane. (1990). Through a window: My thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. GTC Biotherapeutics GTC Biotherapeutics Reports Third Quarter 2006 Financial Results. http://www.gtc-bio.com/pressreleases/pr110206.html (accessed on December 4, 2006).
    23. Harris, John. (1998). Cloning and human dignity. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 7: 163-67. Go to original source...
    24. Hill, Thomas E., Jr. (1992). Dignity and practical reason in kant's ethical theory. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
    25. Hyat, C. W.& W. D. Hopkins. (1994). Self-awareness in bonobos and chimpanzees. In S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, & M. L. Boccia eds. Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 248-253. Go to original source...
    26. Jaenisch, R and B. Mintz. (1974). Simian virus 40 DNA sequences in DNA of healthy adult mice derived from preimplantation blastocysts injected with viral DNA. Proceedings of National Academic Science USA 71: 1250-1254. Go to original source...
    27. Johnston, Josephine & Eliot, Christopher. (2003). Chimeras and "human dignity". The American Journal of Bioethics 3.3. Go to original source...
    28. Kane, T. (1980). Social behaviour of wild pygmy chimpanzees (pan paniscus) of wamba: a preliminary report. J. ham. Evol. 9:243-260. Go to original source...
    29. Kant, Immanuel. (1964). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals. H. J. Paton. trans. New York: Harper and Row.
    30. Karpowicz, Phillip, Cohen, Cynthia, B. & Derek van der Kooy. (2005). Developing human-nonhuman chimeras in human stem cell research: ethical issues and boundaries. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 15 (2): 107-134. Go to original source...
    31. Kass, Leon F. (2002). Life, liberty, and the defense of dignity: The Challenge for Bioethics. San Francisco: Encounter Books.
    32. Kass, Leon F. (2001). Why we should ban human cloning now: Preventing a brave new world. The New Republic 17 May (Accessed on December 15 2006 at http://www.thenewrepublic.com/052101/kass052101_print.html)
    33. Kass, Leon F. (1997). The Wisdom of Repugnance. New Republic 2: 17-26.
    34. Khroutski, K.S. 2006. BioCosmology - Science of the universal future." E-Logos: Electronic Journal for Philosophy. (Accessed on December 18 2006 at http://nb.vse.cz/kfil/elogos/science/khrou106.pdf)
    35. King, Jonathan., Stabinsky, Doreen. (1998). Biotechnology under globalisation: the corporate expropriation of plant, animal and microbial species. Race and Class: A Journal for Black and Third World Liberation
    36. October. http://hornacek.coa.edu/dave/Reading/race.class.html (accessed on 15 November, 2006).
    37. Krieger, L. M. (2002). Scientists put a bit of man into a mouse. Mercury News 8 December. Available from: http://www.bayarea.com/mld/mercurynews/4698610.htm.
    38. Kuroda, S. (1984). Interaction over food among pygmy chimpanzees. In R. Sussman, ed. The pygmy chimpanzee. New York: Plenum. Pp. 301-324. Go to original source...
    39. Kurzweil, Ray. (1999). The age of spiritual machines: When computers exceed human intelligence. New York: Viking.
    40. Lefebvre, L. (1982). Food exchange strategies in an infant chimpanzee. J. hum. Evol. 11:195-204. Go to original source...
    41. Lethmate, J. & G. Dücker. (1973). Untersuchungen zum Selbsterkennen im Speigel bei Orang-Utans un einigen anderen. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 33:248-269. Go to original source...
    42. Levi-Strauss, Claude. (1978). Myth and meaning. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
    43. Lorenz, Konrad. (1991). Here i am-where are you? New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich.
    44. Margawati, Endang. Tri. (2003). Transgenic animals: their benefits to human welfare. ActionBioscience.org January. http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/margawati.html (accessed on December 3, 2006).
    45. McComb, K., L. Baker, & C. Moss. (2005). African elephants show high levels of interest in the skulls and ivory of their own species. Biology Letters. http://www.elephantvoices.org/why_comm/McComb.pdf.
    46. McRae, M. (2000). Central africa's orphaned gorillas: will they survive the wild?" National Geographic February: 86-97.
    47. Miles, H. L. W. (1994). Me Chantek: The development of self-awareness in a signing orangutan. In S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, & M. L. Boccia eds. Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 254- 272. Go to original source...
    48. Modell, Stephen M. 2006. The Two Arrows of Efficiency: A Commentary on KonstantinS. Khroutski's BioCosmology - Science of the Universal Future. E-Logos: Electronic Journal for Philosophy. Pp. 1-10. (Accessed Decemebr 18 2006 at http://nb.vse.cz/kfil/elogos/science/modell06.pdf)
    49. Newman, W. R. (2004). Promethean ambitions: alchemy and the quest to perfect nature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Go to original source...
    50. Nishida, T. (1970). Social behavior and relationship among wild chimpanzees of the mahali mountains. Primates 11:47-87. Go to original source...
    51. Noor, R. R. 1996. Genetika Ternak. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
    52. Ourednik, V., J. Ourednik, J. D. Flax et al. (2001). Segregation of human neural stem cells in the developing primate forebrain. Science 293:1820-24. Go to original source...
    53. Polzin, V. J.; Anderson, D. L.; Anderson, G. B.; et al. (1987). Production of sheep-goat chimeras by inner cell mass transplantation. Journal of Animal Science 65: 325-30. Go to original source...
    54. Porter, Jean. (1999). Natural and divine law: Reclaiming the tradition for christian ethics. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans. Go to original source...
    55. Pullman, Daryl. (2004). Death, dignity and moral nonsense. Journal of Palliative Care 20: 171-78. Go to original source...
    56. Pusey, A. (1983). Mother-offspring relationships in chimpanzees after weaning. Anim. Behau. 31:363-377. Go to original source...
    57. Rifkin, Jeremy. (2005). Giving new meaning to 'of mice and men. Jewish World Review March 18, 7 Adar II, 5765. http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0305/rifkin_mouse_human.php3 (accessed December 1, 2006).
    58. Roan, S. (1989). Ozone crisis: The fifteen-year evolution of a sudden global emergency. New York: Wiley.
    59. Robert, Jason Scott. & Baylis, Francoise. (2003). Crossing species boundaries. American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3): 1-13. Go to original source...
    60. Sample, Ian. (2006). Stem cell experts seek rabbit-human embryo. The Guardian January 13. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,3605,1685534,00.html (accessed on December 3, 2006).
    61. Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue. (1991). Language learning in the bonobo: How and why they learn? In Norman A. Krasnegor ed. Biological and Behavioral Determinants of Language Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Pp. 209-33.
    62. Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue., Stuart G. Shanker & Talbot J. Taylor. (1998). Apes, language and the human mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
    63. Savulescu, Julian. (2003). Human-Animal Transgenesis and Chimeras Might Be an Expression of Our Humanity. The American Journal of Bioethics (summer) 3 (3): 22-25. Go to original source...
    64. Silk, J. (1978). Patterns of food sharing among mother and infant chimpanzees at gombe national park, tanzania. Folk primatol. 29:129-141. Go to original source...
    65. Silk, J. (1979). Feeding, foraging, and food sharing behavior of immature chimpanzees. F&a primatol. 31:123-142. Go to original source...
    66. Silk, J. (1982). Altruism among female Macnca radiata: explanations and analysis of patterns of grooming and coalition formation. Behaviour 79:162-188. Go to original source...
    67. Silver, Lee. M. (1997). Remaking eden: How genetic engineering and cloning will transform the american family. New York: Avon Books.
    68. Stout, Jeffrey. (1988). Ethics after babel: The languages of morals and their discontents. Boston: Beacon Press.
    69. Streiffer, Robert. (2003). The yuck factor: In defense of the moral relevance of species boundaries. The American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):37-38. Go to original source...
    70. Sundberg, M. L. (1996). Toward granting linguistic competence to apes: A review of Savage-Rumbaugh et al.'s Language comprehension in ape and child. journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 65, 477-492. Go to original source...
    71. Swartz, K. & S. Evans. (1994). Social and cognitive factors in chimpanzee and gorilla mirror behvavior and self-recognition. In S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, & M. L. Boccia eds. Self- Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp.189-205. Go to original source...
    72. Van Schaik, Carel. (2006). Why are some animals so smart? Scientific American 16 (2):30- 37. Go to original source...
    73. Whiten, A., et al. (1999). Cultures in Chimpanzees. Nature 399:682-85. Go to original source...
    74. Whitman, Ruth. Do dogs mourn? Friends of the Animals, Project H.A.L.O. http://www.friendsoftheanimals.com/articles.htm (accessed on December 5, 2006).

    Return to the content